High-Throughput Sequence Analysis of Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) Transcriptome Using 454-Pyrosequencing for the Discovery of Antiviral Immune Genes

Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) is an important aquacultural resource both in Europe and Asia. However, there is little information on gene sequences available in public databases. Currently, one of the main problems affecting the culture of this flatfish is mortality due to several pathogens, especially viral diseases which are not treatable. In order to identify new genes involved in immune defense, we conducted 454-pyrosequencing of the turbot transcriptome after different immune stimulations

Transcriptomics of In Vitro Immune-Stimulated Hemocytes from the Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum Using High-Throughput Sequencing

The Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is a worldwide cultured bivalve species with important commercial value. Diseases affecting this species can result in large economic losses. Because knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the immune response in bivalves, especially clams, is scarce and fragmentary, we sequenced RNA from immune-stimulated R. philippinarum hemocytes by 454-pyrosequencing to identify genes involved in their immune defense against infectious diseases

Haemodialysis through a cellulose membrane induces dephosphorylation of CD11b and promotes leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells

Purpose: To explore modifications in signal mechanisms involving CD11b and leukocyte adhesion in patients under haemodialysis (HD). Methods: Samples were obtained from uremic patients at baseline, 15 and 120 min of HD from both arterial and venous lines. CD11b expression was studied by flow cytometry. To study signalling mechanisms, CD11b was immunoprecipitated using a specific antibody. Immunoprecipitates were resolved by 8% SDS-PAGE to measure phosphorylation in immunoblots. Leukocyte adhesion was measured after blood perfusion using endothelial cells (EC) as adhesive substrate. Parallel studies were performed with blood from healthy donors. Results: The percentage of CD11b+ cells increased during HD with a cellulose membrane in the venous line at 15 and 120 min (6.2±2.9% and 11.0±7.1%) and in the arterial line at 120 min (11.5±8.5 vs. 3.1±1.0% in control P < 0.05). After 120 min HD, CD11b phosphorylation decreased in leukocytes from both arterial (72.6±2.9) and venous lines (51.8±6.5) vs. basal samples (119.5±15.5 P < 0.005). Control leukocytes showed enhanced adhesion to uremic EC compared with control EC (3.0±0.3 vs. 2.3±1.0 leukocytes x100 EC-1 P < 0.05). Uremic leukocyte adhesion was enhanced after HD compared with basal samples 4.2±0.2 leukocytes/100 EC in the arterial and 4.4±0.3 in the venous line; after 120 min vs 2.3±1.0 (P < 0.005). Conclusion: Leukocyte activation during HD through a cellulose membrane occurs with decreases in CD11b phosphorylation. Activation also induces increases in CD11b expression associated with enhanced leukocyte adhesion to uremic endothelial cells

Transcriptomics of In Vitro Immune-Stimulated Hemocytes from the Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum Using High-Throughput Sequencing

The Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is a worldwide cultured bivalve species with important commercial value. Diseases affecting this species can result in large economic losses. Because knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the immune response in bivalves, especially clams, is scarce and fragmentary, we sequenced RNA from immune-stimulated R. philippinarum hemocytes by 454-pyrosequencing to identify genes involved in their immune defense against infectious diseases

Effectiveness of resilience-based interventions in schools for adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Adolescence; Meta-analysis; ResilienceAdolescencia; Metanálisis; ResilienciaAdolescència; Metaanàlisi; ResiliènciaIntroduction: Resilience has been identified as a dynamic process that provides capabilities to face adversity. Considering the many protective factors involved in resilience and that the school is a key context to promote resilience, this review aimed to examine the effect of school-based interventions on resilience in adolescents. Methods: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis were conducted in July 2021 on four databases. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to obtain pooled estimates. Stratified analyses were done according to population type (general, at risk), intervention type, and follow-up assessments. Results: Of the 1,667 articles obtained, 27 were included in the systematic review and 16 in the meta-analysis. The random effects indicated a significant increase in resilience after the intervention [SMD = 0.58, 95% CI (0.29-0.87)]. Subgroup analysis showed effectiveness only in the population at risk [SMD = 1.28, 95% CI (0.53-2.03)] and early adolescence [SMD = 1.28, 95% CI (0.42-2.14), PI (-7.44 to 10.33)]. Multicomponent intervention [SMD = 1.45, 95% CI (0.11-2.80)] and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) [SMD = 0.20, 95% CI (0.06-0.34)] demonstrated substantial effectiveness. Significant results were observed within 8-week follow-ups or less [SMD = 1.55, 95% CI (0.61-2.48)]. Discussion: These findings provide evidence that multicomponent and CBT interventions increase resilience in early at-risk adolescents only in the short term. Developing resilience interventions is useful in schools exposed to unfavourable socioeconomic contexts. Furthermore, long-term interventions should be redesigned to improve their effectiveness.This study was funded by a grant from the Strategic Plan for Research and Innovation in Health from the Departament de Salut de la Generalitat de Catalunya (Spain; SLT017/20/000070)

Venn diagram showing the comparison of <i>R. philippinarum</i> sequences with <i>B. azoricus</i> (B), <i>L.elliptica</i> (L), <i>M.galloprovincialis</i> (M) and <i>C.gigas</i> (C) known sequences.

<p>Numbers refer to the n° sequences belonging to each group.</p

High-throughput sequence analysis of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) transcriptome using 454-pyrosequencing for the discovery of antiviral immune genes

Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) is an important aquacultural resource both in Europe and Asia. However, there is little information on gene sequences available in public databases. Currently, one of the main problems affecting the culture of this flatfish is mortality due to several pathogens, especially viral diseases which are not treatable. In order to identify new genes involved in immune defense, we conducted 454-pyrosequencing of the turbot transcriptome after different immune stimulations

Classification of pathogen sequences.

<p>Numbers refer to the n° of occurrences. A: Protozoa. Results are observed at the phylum level. B: Fungi. Results are observed at the order level. C: Bacteria. Results are observed at the order level. D: Viruses. Results are observed at the family level.</p

Taxonomic classification and distribution of annotated sequences.

<p>Numbers on bars and pie charts refers to the n° of occurrences. <b>A:</b> BLASTx results for the top 35 species matching sequences. <b>B:</b> Kingdom Animalia distribution. <b>C: </b><i>Phylum</i> Mollusca distribution. <b>D:</b> Class Bivalvia distribution.</p

TLR signaling pathway.

<p>Red boxes indicate proteins identified in our 454 results and grey boxes the absent ones. Connectors finishing in a circle indicate inhibition. AKT: RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase = Protein kinase B; AP-1: Transcription factor AP-1 = Proto-oncogene c-Jun; BTK: Tyrosine-protein kinase BTK; Cath: Cathepsin; IFN-α/β R: Interferon alpha/beta receptor; IκB: Inhibitor of NF-κB; IKK-ε: Inhibitor of NF-κB kinase subunit epsilon; IRAK4: Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4; IRF: Interferon regulatory factor; MEKK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase; MKK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; MyD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase; PIM1: Proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-1; Rac-1: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1; SOCS: Suppressor of cytokine signaling; SPRED: Sprouty-related, EVH1 domain-containing protein 2; Stat-1: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; TBK1: TANK-binding kinase 1; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TRAF: TNF receptor-associated factor 3/6; TRAM: TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 2.</p